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The dissenting academies were schools, colleges and seminaries (often institutions with aspects of all three) run by Dissenters, that is, those who did not conform to the Church of England. They formed a significant part of England’s educational systems from the mid-seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. ==Background== After the Uniformity Act 1662, for about two centuries, it was difficult for any but practising members of the Church of England to gain degrees from the old English universities, at Cambridge and Oxford. The University of Oxford, in particular, maintained until the University Reform Act of 1854, a religious test on admission that was comparable to that for joining the Church. The situation at the University of Cambridge was that a statutory test was required to take a bachelor's degree. English Dissenters in this context were Nonconformist Protestants who could not in good conscience subscribe (i.e. conform) to the articles of the Church of England. As their sons were debarred from taking degrees in the universities, many of them attended the dissenting academies. Many of those who could afford it completed their education at Leyden, Utrecht, Glasgow or Edinburgh, the last, particularly, those who were studying medicine or law.〔Herbert McLachlan, ''English education under the Test Acts: being the history of the nonconformist academies, 1662–1820''; Manchester University Press, 1931.〕 Many students attending Utrecht were supported by the Presbyterian Fund.〔C. G. Bolam, et al.; ''The English Presbyterians''; London, 1968.〕 While the religious reasons mattered most, the geography of university education also was a factor. The plans for a Durham College of Oliver Cromwell provided an attempt to break the educational monopoly of Oxbridge, and while it failed because of the political change in 1660, the founder of Rathmell Academy was Richard Frankland, who may have been involved in the Durham College project. Almost as soon as dissenting academies began to appear, Frankland was backed by those who wished to see an independent university-standard education available in the north of England. Tutors in the academies were initially drawn from the ejected ministers of 1662, who had left the Church of England after the passing of the Uniformity Act, and many of whom had English university degrees. After that generation, some tutors did not have those academic credentials to support their reputations, although in many cases other universities, particularly the Scottish institutions that were sympathetic to their Presbyterian views, awarded them honorary doctorates. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dissenting academies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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